Heavy metals remediation in wastewater and groundwater by metal oxides, activated charcoal, and EDTA
Introduction Water contamination due to heavy metals is a pressing environmental concern, impacting both groundwater and wastewater systems. Heavy metals such as copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), boron (B), and aluminum (Al) pose significant risks to human health and the ecosystem when present in excess concentrations. These metals …