Abstract:

Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and population growth have accelerated environmental pollution, creating urgent challenges related to water contamination, air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, hazardous waste generation, and resource depletion. Conventional remediation technologies often suffer from limited efficiency, poor selectivity, high energy consumption, and secondary pollution. Graphene-based hybrid materials have emerged as one of the most promising classes of advanced functional nanomaterials because of their exceptional electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, excellent mechanical strength, superior thermal stability, and remarkable chemical versatility. Hybridization of graphene with metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), coordination polymers, polymers, biochar, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, and semiconductor materials has significantly expanded its applications in environmental remediation, heterogeneous catalysis, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, gas separation, pollutant sensing, and sustainable industrial technologies. Furthermore, advances in green synthesis, surface functionalization, nanocomposite engineering, and computational materials design have enhanced the efficiency and environmental compatibility of graphene-based systems. This review discusses the synthesis, structural properties, hybridization strategies, pollutant removal mechanisms, catalytic applications, industrial utilization, recent technological advances, current challenges, and future prospects of graphene-based hybrid materials in environmental and industrial sustainability.